Avian Influenza Essay Example

Avian Influenza Essay Example Avian Influenza Paper Avian Influenza Paper Article Topic: The Wild Duck Avian Influenza Presentation Winged creature influenza as a rule starts with inconvenience of lower respiratory ways and in unordinary casesfrom upper respiratory aviation routes. Raised viral titer is detached from pharynx however not from nose. Beginning manifestations of the H5N1 flu are: high evaluation fever, gentle cold, hack and brevity of breath. For all intents and purposes all patients create viral pneumonia confusing to optional bacterial contamination, gentle to extreme respiratory misery, looseness of the bowels, spewing and stomach torment. Conjunctivitis is element. At times gastrointestinal turmoil grows sooner than respiratory indications. Avian flu infections are shed in respiratory emissions and defecation of winged animals. Contaminated ducks, for instance, shed infection for in any event 30 days. Flu infection from the excrement of waterfowl can be recuperated from surface water. Avian species create contamination that ranges from asymptomatic to deadly. Avian flu has caused significant flare-ups in poultry ranches.  Influenza infection can experience hereditary changes in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase (antigens on the outside of the infection) that can prompt plagues. Substantially less ordinarily, a totally new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase rises with the new hereditary material originating from creatures. This hereditary move normally prompts pandemics. Early sequence: 1929 Last proof (serologic) of dissemination in people of a pig like flu infection 1930 Isolation of a flu infection from pig 1933 First disconnection of a flu infection from people Until 1995, just three of the 15 flu hemagglutinins that had been distinguished were known to cause contaminations in people. Flying creatures have each of the 15 recognized hemagglutinins and nine neuraminidases. New flu infections frequently rise up out of southern China, a district portrayed by an enormous, thickly settled human populace and rich pigs and ducks living in nearness to people. Until occasions in Hong Kong in 1997, researchers felt that avian flu represented no immediate danger to people. In 1997, in the wake of causing flu flare-ups on chicken homesteads, avian flu (H5N1) spread to people (Claas et al. 1998). Eighteen human cases were affirmed, six of them lethal. Disease was moved in youngsters and youthful grown-ups, not at all like the example in many episodes where dreariness and demise are generally regular in more seasoned grown-ups. The infection recouped from people was indistinguishable from that found in fowls (Subbarao et al. 1998). Epidemiological examinations proposed that there had been numerous autonomous presentations of the flu infection into the human populace from flying creatures, yet that extremely constrained individual to-individual spread happened. At the hour of the human cases, there were evaluated to be 300â€600 live feathered creature advertises in Hong Kong, where blending of various avian species (ducks, chickens, fowls, pi geons, wild flying creatures) was conceivable. At the point when the Hong Kong live feathered creature markets were examined, 10% or a greater amount of winged animals were seen as shedding H5N1, in various avian species (geese, chickens, ducks). The feathered creatures (more than one million) were executed, and no extra human instances of H5N1 have been recorded. In 1999, human contamination with H9N2, another avian flu strain boundless in Asia, was additionally archived without precedent for people, during a period of upgraded observation (Peiris et al. 1999). The occasions in Hong Kong have prompted increased worldwide reconnaissance for flu in people and creatures. There was motivation to be worried about the occasions in Hong Kong, a thickly populated city with broad connects to the remainder of the world. In 1993, there were an expected 41.4 million traveler developments (pontoon, train, vehicle, plane) and from Hong Kong. The flu infections that harrow people are isolated into three sorts: A, B, and C. Flu An is answerable for the plagues and taints man as well as pigs, ponies, seals, and an enormous assortment of winged creatures. In fact, flu A has been disengaged worldwide from both household and wild winged creatures, basically waterbirds including ducks, geese, terns, and gulls and tamed fowls, for example, turkeys, chickens, quail, birds, geese, and ducks. Investigations of wild ducks in Canada from 1975 to 1994 demonstrated that up to 20 percent of the adolescents were tainted, and fecal examples from their lakeshore natural surroundings contained the infection. These fowls generally shed the infection from five to seven days (with a limit of thirty days) in the wake of getting tainted despite the fact that they give no indication of the malady. Clearly, this infection and its hosts have adjusted commonly over numerous hundreds of years and made a repository that guarantees propagation of the i nfection. Duck infection has been involved in flare-ups of flu in creatures, for example, seals, whales, pigs, ponies, and turkeys. Broad examination of the viruss hereditary structure, or nucleic corrosive groupings, bolsters the theories that mammalian flu infections, including those tainting man, may well begin in amphibian winged animals. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003) Subtypes of flu A, the different strains of these avian infections can be named either exceptionally pathogenic or starting at low pathogenicity, in view of their hereditary highlights and the seriousness of ailment they cause in winged creatures. There are right now 27 potential types of the three subtypes of avian flu infections separated by varieties in the neuraminidase surface antigen. In this manner, H5, H7, and H9 avian flu infections, so named for their hemagglutinin surface antigen, can each be coordinated with nine potential neuraminidase surface antigens, N1, N2, N3, and so forth. In this way, there could be H5N1 through H5N9, H7N1 through H7N9, and H9N1 through H9N9 strains. H9 infections give off an impression of being of low pathogenicity, while H5 and H7 infections can be profoundly pathogenic for winged animals. Be that as it may, low pathogenic types of these infections appear to be the reason for most episodes among poultry causing just gentle or subtle ailment and low death rates. In any case, both H5 and H7 can grow elevated levels of pathogenicity in which case death rates in poultry runs can arrive at 100%. The common history of avian flu infections is described by spread through contaminated nasal, respiratory and fecal material, and a supply state in solid flying creatures. (Pascal James Imperato, 2005) www.springerlink.com/file/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of avian flu A (H5N1) infection in people has not been obviously clarified. Apoptosis may likewise have an imperative influence. Apoptosis has been seen in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the significant objective cell type for the viral replication. Numerous apoptotic leukocytes were seen in the lungs of patients who passed on day 6 of sickness. Apoptosis may assume a significant job in the pathogenesis of flu (H5N1) infection in people by wrecking alveolar epithelial cells. This pathogenesis causes pneumonia and devastates leukocytes, prompting leucopenia, which is an exceptional clinical element of flu (H5N1) infection in people. Regardless of whether watched apoptotic cells were a straightforwardly identified with viral replication or result of an over actuation of the insusceptible framework needs further investigations. (Uiprasertkul M, 2007) www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm Contaminated winged animals were the significant wellspring of the H5N1 flu infection among people in Asia. For the most part people got tainted by eating contaminated flying creatures, by poor cleanliness systems when cooking contaminated winged animals, or by close contact with tainted poultry. (Reina J, 2002). Certain winged animals, especially water flying creatures, go about as hosts for flu infections via conveying the infection in their digestive organs and shedding it. Tainted flying creatures shed infection in spit, nasal emissions, and excrement. Helpless flying creatures can get tainted with avian flu infection when they have contact with defiled nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from contaminated winged animals. Fecal-to-oral transmission is the most widely recognized method of spread among feathered creatures. Frequently, the wild winged creatures that are the hosts for the infection don't become ill, however they can spread flu to different fowls. (CDC, 2006) www.cd c.gov/influenza/avian/gen-information/spread.htm At present spread of the H5N1 flu from human to human via air conceived course has not been enlisted, yet suffering checking for distinguishing proof change and adjustment of H5N1 flu infection to human is required. Most examinations acted in avian viral strains clarifies that harmfulness is a polygenic marvel. Notwithstanding, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the qualities systematizing these substances (qualities 4 and 6) assume an indispensable job in viral pathogenesis. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007). Avian strains can be delegated harmful or avirulent as per the ability of hemagglutinin to be activated by endoproteases of the respiratory tract only or by proteases from different tissues. This capacity depends on the regularly going changes that lead to the replacement of the ordinary amino acids at the purpose of hemagglutinin hydrolysis by the other fundamental amino ac ids that decide the intensification of the range of hydrolysis and actuation. Neuraminidase contributes in the securing of destructiveness through its capacity to join to plasminogen and by heightening the centralization of actuating proteases. Adjustment to the host, by acknowledgment of the cell receptor, is an extra factor deciding the harmfulness and interspecies spread of avian strains. (Reina J, 2002) Transmission to warm blooded animals Flu An infections from oceanic winged creatures develop ineffectively in human cells, and the other way around. In any case, both avian and human flu infections can repeat in pigs. We have realized that pigs are defenseless to flu infections that taint man since the time the veterinarian J. S. Koen first watched pigs with flu side effects intently taking after those of people. Review trial of human blood show that the pig infection segregated by Shope in 1928 was like the human

Global warming Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

An unnatural weather change - Research Paper Example All these have added to expanded creation which undermines nature. In an examination discharged by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (as qtd. in Kim et al. 64), researchers are one in saying that the world must make a move to decrease ozone harming substance emanations however accomplishing this will cost a great deal for the worldwide economy. The assessed cost will be around 500 to 550 sections for every million (ppm) carbon dioxide (CO2) which, when changed over to the worldwide GDP, is roughly 5%. The IPCC assessed that by 2050, the worldwide alleviation toward adjustment is â€Å"between 1% gain and 5.5% reduction of worldwide GDP† (qtd. in Kim et al. 64). Globalization has negative impacts. Normalization and adjustment bring about the decision of incalculable items. Markets are incorporated and extended. The outcome is a bound together range of commercialization, various items attacking stores and retailers that are seeking the best. The world needs to make a green situation, a climate liberated from the contaminations to control ocean temperatures and ensure the biological system and the ozone layer. The world’s program of exercises has declined the diminish situation. We rely much upon petroleum derivative as 80% of vitality originates from non-renewable energy sources. Our reliance on petroleum product and coal as vitality source compounds the circumstance. This paper will concentrate on ozone depleting substance emanations (GHG) created by vehicles and immobile structures like plants and businesses as one of the reasons for an Earth-wide temperature boost. In the first place, definitions and ideas of a dangerous atmospheric devation are given and will be trailed by a conversation on gas outflows of vehicles and enterprises. Writing Review The Earth’s biological system, to incorporate the woodlands, fisheries, wetland and new water assets, are going to lose essentialness to human presence. A dangerous atmospheric devati on and environmental change must be given consideration by approach creators. Business and associations should concentrate on feasible and green condition. Air contaminations are expanding a result of our utilization of petroleum products for vitality, nonstop deforestration, and enterprises increment ozone depleting substances that produce the nursery impact. GHGs caught in the environment compound the nursery impact legitimately as they connect with radiation, yet backhanded impacts are delivered as synthetic changes and when gases are blended in with different gases. A gas can influence cloud developments and air forms that influence the radioactive equalization of the earth. Different gases like â€Å"carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and non-methane unstable natural mixes (NMVOCs), by implication influence land and additionally sun powered radiation retention, since they share in the arrangement of substances in the environment with an enviro nmental change impact† (Giuffre and Grana 67). Ideas on Global warming Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an ozone harming substance as it is discharged and remain gathered in the air. It establishes about 77% of the delivered worldwide ozone harming substance emanations. This focus in the environment makes an Earth-wide temperature boost, which thusly makes the ozone gap. The ozone opening is brought about by an unnatural weather change and not the reverse way around. Decreasing CO2 is the most ideal approach to lessen an unnatural weather change (qtd. in Reinfried et al. 156). Different gases that trap heat in the air incorporate methane (CH4),

Older Workers And Lifelong Learning Example

Older Workers And Lifelong Learning Example Older Workers And Lifelong Learning â€" Essay Example > Professional RequirementsCustomer inserts his/her answerCollegeOctober 14, 2011EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis paper seeks to demystify the relationship between professional and vocational practice coupled with their requirements. In light of this, it will first synchronize the demands and contemporary requirements of either vocational or professional practice and further address the ways in which those requirements change. Demands and contemporary requirements of vocational/professional practiceThe term vocation (Dewey 1966) refers to the specified occupation practice an individual acquires through training either through formal or informal education. In light of this, vocation enables individuals meet their diverse basic and tertiary needs. For example, food, shelter, clothing and entertainment are just of the few necessities that vocation helps to mitigate. On the other hand, a profession (Brown 1992) is an academic oriented training experience that a person acquires in academic institut ions. It’s worth noting that vocations and professions are rather different in a way. Vocations are thought to be Godly given whereas professions are academically sought after. However, both the vocations and professions are characterized by demands and contemporary requirements that the perceived persons should apply in their vocational and professional practice. In this regard, the requirements continue to change with time and thus older workers primarily find themselves on the receiving end as they try to juggle between professional practice and education progression. For example, the rise of information communication technology in the modern society has perpetuated increased enrollment in tertiary institutions to effectively nourish their academic expertise with modern technology in efforts to keep in parallel with competition from others at bay in the professional environment. Lifelong learning refers to a situation whereby individuals are guided to work in a certain way as a result of continued experience on their job. For instance, the experiences of a medical practitioner in respect to a wide range of patients serve as critical avenues to propel his/her understanding of a particular phenomenon that he/she never learnt during his/her academic work. Academic expertise/highly developed skills and knowledge of the domainProfessionalism (Kizza 2010 p. 57) is the ability to use knowledge acquired through formal schooling and developed through long years of experience. In light of this, professional individuals are restricted by ethics and a wide range of requirements for one to be deemed a profession. First and foremost, the acquisition of knowledge commonly known as education is an ideal requirement in any profession. Education is essential as it serves as an integral tool for decision making involving a problem, situation or undertaking. Education is paramount in any given job discourse since it perpetuates development. In this regard, it plays a very significant role in the actualization of ideas and increases an individual’s reasoning ability. However, with progress in age, education slowly fades away thus creating ample room for older workers to engage in lifelong learning to boost their morale and scale down their dependency levels. Academic expertise is the primary objective of any human resource management panel selecting individuals for recruitment into the organization either public or private driven. It is for this reason that education merit is encouraged.

The Society of Egypt Essay - 1234 Words

The Society of Egypt Works Cited Not Included The cultural traditions, social behavior and practices of any society in history are inextricably linked to the weather and climate of its region. River mouths have always been popular settling spots, even dating back to the ancient civilizations; these water sources provided life, transportation, and basic survival for these communities. Cairo was founded below the delta on the Nile River in Egypt because of the existence of the Nile. Today, this region is hot and dry with the exception of the land directly bordering the Nile. The climate and current weather in Cairo have a substantial impact on everyday life and society in this region. Unfortunately, because of the harsh environment of†¦show more content†¦A typical day in Cairo is dry, hot, and sometimes cloudy or smoggy as well. Over fifteen million people live in Cairo currently, (www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/egypenv.html) relying almost entirely on the Nile for their water. The drying trend continues in this region and on ly exacerbates the already existing social and economic issues in the overcrowded city. The Nile runs northward through six countries before hitting the Mediterranean Sea. Forty-three substantial towns, 1,500 villages, and thirty-five major factories rely on the water of the Nile and add their waste to the river flow before the river even hits Cairo (www.hf-fak.uib.no/institutter/smi/paj/Myllyla.html). Because the water in the Nile has been so plentiful throughout history, the water is not nearly as polluted as one might think due to the amount of use and irresponsible dumping of chemicals and waste matter; however, as the drying trend in the climate of this region continues, the water level of the river is decreasing, thus leaving the river more affected by pollution and more vulnerable to overuse. Historically, Egypt has enjoyed exclusive water rights over the river in the Nile Water Agreement and there have been few disputes since the Nile has been able to provide amply for all those needing the water resource. However, in recent years, the countries using the river have begun toShow MoreRelatedAncient Egypt and Mondern Society981 Words   |  4 Pageswas that of Ancient Egypt. Their systems of religion and technological innovation helped not only to leave a permanent impression on the world, but also served to mold both the civilizations that directly followed it as well as society today. The Ancient Egyptian civilization spanned several thousand years and is one of the few societies of the time that came into being independently. â€Å"Egyptian civilization coalesced around 3150 B.C. with the unification of upper and lower Egypt under the first Pharaoh†Read MoreAncient Egypt And The Egyptian Society967 Words   |  4 PagesAncient Egypt Ancient Egypt was a captivating and intricate civilization. Over the years, historians have found it easier to study this civilization, rather than other historical civilizations, because the Egyptians went through great lengths to record their history. Besides being decent record keepers, they were very religious, and â€Å"ahead of their time,† due to their technological and economic breakthroughs. Because of the aspects of this culture, it has to be one of the greatest civilizations ofRead MoreReligion and Society of Ancient Egypt536 Words   |  2 PagesReligion and Society of Ancient Egypt The Old Kingdom is sometimes described as the â€Å"golden age† of Egypt, and as an ideal that the Middle Kingdom tried to emulate, while New Kingdom pharaohs looked to both earlier dynastic eras for inspiration. Menes The Old Kingdom, these are the roots of today’s Egypt. When Menes united upper and Lower Egypt, he became the first Pharaoh. The very first Dynasty had been created with Menes great success. Now, it is a known fact that it wasn’t known as theRead MoreAncient Egypts Effect on Modern Society975 Words   |  4 Pagespublic and Ancient Egypt. The museum is already a place of history and mystery and Ancient Egypt is one of the most mysterious ancient cultures. With so little known about these ancient people it only makes sense that the museum would be a good place to strengthen that feeling of mystery. Ever since the modern discovery of Ancient Egypt the public have been fascinated by the mystery left behind by these ancient people. The modern public is always interested in learning about Egypt. Weather that beRead MoreMesopotamian Society : Ancient Egypt And Greece1207 Words   |  5 Pages Civilizations like Egypt and Greece have received their due acknowledgment by society, it is however Mesopotamia that often does not get there just recognition for their contributions to civilization as we know it. In this paper, we will reflect on Mesopotamian society in hopes to illuminate its significance to the constructs of western society. In order to fully appreciate what Mesopotamia has contributed, it should be understood how exactly it was formed. Years before any dynasty, peopleRead MoreAncient Egypt And Ancient Egyptian Society2262 Words   |  10 Pageswell-known civilization. The country of Egypt is located along the Nile River Valley in the Northern part of Africa (Civilization: Ancient Egypt). From 3100 B.C. to 332 B.C., this ancient civilization was dominant in the Mediterranean world (History.com, 2009). Whether a person learned about the Egyptians in their Bible or read about them in their history class, there is no doubt that these people were the great nation of their time. â€Å"The people of ancient Egypt valued family life highly† (Okasha, 2012Read MoreEssay about Mamluk Society and Rule in Egypt and Syria1316 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished in Cairo in 1250 with the defeat of the Ayyubid dynasty and solidifying control of Egypt and Syria. The Mamluks were Turkic slave soldiers and had e xisted as regimental groups throughout the Ayyubid dynastic area, and were purchased as servants to the state and the overthrow of the Ayyubids by the Mamluks marks the supremacy of the the military slave state in the Islamic world. Mamluk society and rule was largely non-hereditary and presumably implemented to reduce factionalism but in actualityRead MoreThis week’s readings investigate the rise of Islamic opposition and civic society groups in Egypt,1000 Words   |  4 Pagesof Islamic opposition and civic society groups in Egypt, Turkey, and Algeria. In an overarching perspective, the readings contend that the failure of the post-colonial states in providing the public goods and services they were responsible for, as well as their use of Islamist groups in order to crush the leftist opposition, provided political structures of opportunity that the Islamic groups were able to exploit. In addition, the state hostility to civic society Islamic opposition groups, gave riseRe ad MoreCompare and COntarst1518 Words   |  7 Pages Egypt and Mesopotamia have both similarities and differences, throughout both of these civilizations from back to 3,500 B.C. The political and social structures in these civilizations were different and the same in their own way. The political differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia included hierarchy power, land control, and centralized government. The similarities between both civilizations are social class, male patriarchy, and kings. Egypt and Mesopotamia both had differences of their politicalRead MoreCharacteristics Of Ancient Egypt931 Words   |  4 PagesAncient egypt was a complex society/religion. It was a complex religion because it had all of the 7 indicators. Of course, a complex religion (like egypt) has to have important indicators such as well paying jobs, well organized government, social classes, and also trade to be complex. If it didn’t, it is not a complex religion. Every complex society needs a well organized government. In Egypt there are many important people. The person with the most power in egypt was the Pharaoh. The leader of

Utah Opera Symphony 2 - 3342 Words

In order to develop an action plan for Anne Ewers we need to analyze and understand the financial and leadership strengths and weaknesses of the Utah Symphony Organization (USO) and the Utah Opera Company (UOC). In order for the merger to be successful, Anne will need to create some successful strategies for managing each of these concepts. Utah Symphony Strengths The most impressive financial strength that USO has is their endowment. By the end of 2002, their endowment was considered higher than average and they were considered at the top end of a Group II Symphony when compared to other symphonies nationally. The Utah Symphony endowment was $10 million. Another financial strength was the projected growth in contributions and†¦show more content†¦They also have support from local and national organizations. As far as leadership goes, Anne has a lot of experience with the Opera. She has helped reduce their debt while increasing the budget. She grew it from $1.5 million to $5 million during her 11-year tenure. She has been responsible and very successful at increasing the fundraising income (including donations from outside the state. Even the projected contributions is expected to increase by $653,954). She has a reputation of being loyal, enthusiastic and very well capable. For example, she inherited a debt of $450,000 from her predecessor while in Boston. Not only did she retire that debt, but she also created an endowment fund and increased the number of productions from one to three. Overall projections are expected to increase by $374,843. Utah Opera Weaknesses Financially, the revenues for performances has continually declined. Even the projected sales has declined by $294,277. Government grants are 1/3 less that what the symphony gets and is also projected to decrease by $18,440. The UOC was not without their share of leadership weaknesses as well. Leslie Peterson resigned as the Director of Operations at the beginning of the merger proposal. Being the daughter of the founder, Glade Peterson, essentially gave a black eye about the merger from a public perspective. ThisShow MoreRelatedUtah Symphony and Utah Opera: a Merger Proposal Essay1063 Words   |  5 PagesUtah Symphony and Utah Opera: A Merger Proposal The Utah Symphony (USO) and the Utah Opera (UOC) Merger was a union that was brought forth by the leadership committee at the USO in Salt Lake City. The proposal was an opportunity to strengthen a struggling symphony with a financially sound opera company. Although mergers between opera and symphony companies in the United States had been successfully in the past, the merging of a two major companies had yet to materialize (Delong Ager, 2005, pRead More Utah Symphony and Utah Opera Merger1413 Words   |  6 Pages1. Bill Bailey, chairman of the board of the Utah Opera Organization, could use McClelland’s need theory to support the merger with the Utah symphony based on the three principles that are entailed in the theory; need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power (Kreitner Kinicki, 2010, p. 215). Firstly, the need for achievement is met by understanding that people strive to master difficult situations, endeavors or challenges. This idea works on both an organizational level, asRead MoreJft2 Task 21452 Words   |  6 PagesJFT2 Task 2 Detailed Guidance The key to doing well on this task is detail. Several sections require that you analyze information. This requires that you read carefully, think deeply and show your insight that you gained from the information provided in the case study. A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses When picking out the strengths and weaknesses of symphony there isn ¿t a list to which you can refer. Rather, you will want to read the case study carefully and to use your insight toRead MoreRjft Task 24141 Words   |  17 PagesRJFT Task 2 A1: Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses Financial Strengths ï‚ · Total endowment in 2001-2002 was $10million, at the high-end of all Group II orchestra’s ($8.8million) (Delong, 2005). ï‚ · Total revenue and contributions are increasing from FY 2000 ($12.398 million) to FY 2001 ($13.763 million) by $1.365 million. This is primarily led by a $680k increase in performance revenues (driven by increased ticket prices) and $620k increase in contributions (from individuals, corporations, andRead MoreOrganizational Management26375 Words   |  106 Pagesthe â€Å"Utah Symphony and Utah Opera: A Merger Proposal† case study. You will develop a proposed action plan for the new leader, Anne Ewers, to help her in the development of a new strategy to measure the success of the ongoing merger process. The strategic goals for the first year of the merger include the following: †¢ Integrate the business processes of the two companies †¢ Reduce overall expenses as a percentage to profit †¢ Retain key employees †¢ Maintain audience base for both the Utah OperaRead MoreWgu Jdt2 Task 24523 Words   |  19 PagesOrganizational Management Task 2 Western Governors University JFT2 Organizational Management Task 2 A1. Utah Symphony Strengths and Weaknesses The Utah Symphony has been a leading arts organization in the western part of the United States for decades. They have a rich, long history. Many strengths have contributed to this success and continue to do today. Financially, the organization is able to raise money through various means. For the fiscal year 00-01, the symphony was able to raise $3.8Read MoreJft Task 2 Essay5040 Words   |  21 PagesUtah Symphony Analysis Financial Strengths: The Utah Symphony received approximately 5% of its incoming from their endowment fund annually. The organization raised $3,829 in revenue from rental fees, sets, props, costumes, box office, etc. However, the symphony believes that the fundraising contributions are sufficient enough currently to allow ticket prices to remain the same as the prior year is successful. The up side is that there was a $116,308 in surplus at the end of the year. Utah SymphonyRead MoreRjft Organizational Management Task 23102 Words   |  13 PagesManagement RJFT2 Task 2 A1. The Utah Symphony was recognized as a Group II orchestra. Group I and Group II are distinguished by the endowment amount and level of annual expenditures. For the year of 2001-2002, the average endowment for Group I orchestras was around $76 million and $8.8 million for Group II orchestras. The Utah Symphony came in just shy of $12.2 million in 2000-2001 and was projected to be upwards of $13.7 million for 2001-2002. That being said, the Utah Symphony was considered toRead MoreOrganizational Management Task 22461 Words   |  10 PagesOrganizational Management Task 2 A1. The Utah Symphony and the Utah Opera have combined into one company. Anne Ewers is the new leader of the combined companies. This paper will help her in the development of a new strategy to look at the success of the merge. The Utah Symphony is a group II orchestra. This is based on the level of expenditures every year. In the year of 2001-2002 the average expenses were around 8.8 million for group II orchestras. The Symphony spend around $12.2 millionRead MoreEssay on Utah Symphony and Utah Opera: a Merger Proposal Case Study8795 Words   |  36 PagesUtah Symphony and Utah Opera: A Merger Proposal Case Study William Bailey As Chairman of the Board of the Utah Opera, William Bailey has a pivotal role in the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera merger proposal. Mr. Bailey seemed to understand the financial and operational differences of the two organizations. As he stated, â€Å"the opera had a reserve fund and was financially stable and because of the business model could be flexible and adjust the size of the opera or eliminate projects that had not reached

Soil and Water Free Essays

When I was researching for this essay explaining what soil and water conservation means to me, I found two quotes that really stuck out to me. One written by Franklin D. Roosevelt stated, â€Å"A nation that destroys its soils destroys itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Soil and Water or any similar topic only for you Order Now Forests are the lungs of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people. †, and another that was written by an unknown author read, â€Å"Water is life’s mater and matrix, mother and medium. There is no life without water. † I am not sure about you, but I love the life I live. Where would we be without soil and water? We wouldn’t be that’s the thing. Many people could care less about saving our soil and water, but they do not understand that soil is the base to everything, and water is a mixture that is inside everything, even you. An average adult human body is composed of about 55 to 65 percent water, and soil is in fact both the direct and indirect form of food. It is the base of every living thing; soil has everything depending on it. Think about it, you eat steak that comes out of a pasture right? Well, that cow gets its nutrients from grass, feed, and water. That grass and feed gets its nutrients from the soil, which has to be watered to grow that grass and feed. Until the last couple months the state of Texas has been in a severe drought since 2005. In 2006, farmers in south Texas lost an amazing amount of 87% of their crops losing about 34. 3 million dollars. That damaged those people’s wallets, especially if they were commercial farmers raising crops to sell to big industries, which will later be put on the average Americans table. Then, when rice farmers would go to the Lower Colorado River Authority to get water irrigated into their rice fields, there would either not be any water or only be enough for one of the two usual crops they plant every year. Even though it has been raining like crazy lately in Texas, those severe drops in lakes and rivers has not been renewed. Now, the big debate is, is there a thing as global warming? Depending on what side you are on you have a different perspective of how we can conserve water. Simple things you do everyday change the climate, which affects the amount of water we have, and the amount of ice bergs melting every day. Now wouldn’t it be nice to have soil and water a little bit longer? How to cite Soil and Water, Essay examples

Tariff Types free essay sample

The theory developed by Hecklers-Olin of comparative advantage was produced as an alternative to the Arcadian model. Hecklers-Olin and the Arcadian model both contained the same idea to eliminate the labor theory of value with the incorporation of the price mechanism into international trade theory. Although both Hecklers-Olin and the Arcadian model contained the same idea the theories are very much different. The Hecklers-Olin theory on international trade focuses on factors that conclude comparative advantage (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). With the Hecklers-Olin theory countries will specialize in goods that use the most abundant resources available. Hecklers-Olin theory considers different factors of production in assessing the effect of international trade on income distribution. Economist say that the Olin theory is comparatively modern than the other theory in relation to international trade (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). Arcadian theory on international trade focuses on the existence of comparative advancer as an assumption (Siegel, 2003).The Arcadian Theory states if every country produces commodities more than another entry then there is a need to specialize in production on a certain product that yields the lowest cost advantage (Siegel, 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Tariff Types or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The country then can exchange the superior product for another that is not so superior for that country to produce. This being said the trade between each country should be beneficial for each country involved. There are three assumptions with in the Arcadian theory they include: only two countries in the world, only two commodities, and trade between the two nations are not restricted (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010).In relation to the effects on trade the Heckler Olin theory is a accurate statement. With a lack of trade it would turn out the rate of labor economically in the countries that have an abundance of labor. This would conclude that the distribution of income is more within the trading nations that have relatively a cheaper labor force (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). Trades would also affect relative advantage. This WOUld help countries easily export goods that have lower relative prices (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). At the end would affect the income distribution. For this trade does affect the income distribution. Limonite questioned the factual idea of the endowment model that was developed by the Hecklers-Olin theory. The Limonite paradox found that factors of production needed to be much more narrowly defined when testing the factor endowment theory (Applecart, Field, Cobber 2010). The Limonite paradox questioned whether the relative assortment of a country in labor or capital affects the factor endowment model (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). Limonite concluded that the US was exporting labor-intensive goods while importing capital-intensive goods.Limonite conclusion was completely contrary to the results that are obtained from the factor endowment theory (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). According to Staff Linden the two factors that influence international trade patterns are transportation costs and environmental regulations. Transportation costs can prevent the complete international equalization of the prices for traded goods. Thus, the price in the importing nation would exceed the exporting nation by the amount of the transport costs (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010).The products cannot be traded internationally or will be exceptionally costly to ship. Transportation costs simply reduce the volume of trade below what it would be without costs (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). For products involving natural resources, dispensation will be found near the resources or near the final markets. This will depend on whether the dispensation consists of weight-losing or weight- gaining in nature (Siegel, 2003). Specific tariff is an import duty that is assigns a fixed monetary value per unit of the dutiable item (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). For example a specific duty might be $50 per ton imported or 4 cents per pound. The total tax imposed on imports is leveled according to the number of units coming in to the importing country. One of the main advantages of the specific tariff is that it is easy to compute. A disadvantage to the specific tariff is that it protects value varies inversely with the price of the import (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). Ad valor tariff is becoming a poplar tariff to use these days. The ad valor tariff helps domestic producers to over come the loss of productive value (Applecart, Field, Cobber 2010). The ad valor tariff safeguards the protected value of 1 unit of the imported good (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). The down side to the ad valor tariff is that there are difficulties with this tariff. Inspectors have to make judgment calls on the monetary value of the imported good this can cause the good to be overvalue to counteract with the undervaluation or to increase the level of protection and the tariff revenue (Applecart, Field, Cob, 2010). Compound tariffs are a combination of ad valor and specific tariffs.

What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Example

What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Example What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay What are the differences between the Nationalists and the Unionists Essay Essay Topic: History There are many differences between the Nationalist and the Unionists but the main focus is their religious beliefs, political parties and their identity, I will be explaining in depth about these points. They both have completely different beliefs but they are both Christians. The nationalists see themselves as Irish and want a republic Ireland they have a very strong, strict religious rules. They have one central religious leader, the Pope in Rome, who decides all the matters of worship for every single Catholic in the world and they dont want a royal family. Unlike the nationalists the unionists consider themselves as British instead of Irish and believe they belong with Britain and giving allegiance to the queen, this is because they didnt want a Pope and the church to have complete control which they though that it had too much influence on Ireland which might lead to laws being changed like stopping divorces, abortions and contraception from happening. Nowadays some of the Irish have accepted that they wont have a united Ireland, but extreme actions have taken place as the real IRA use terrorism to get rid of the British. Only last week the real IRA carried out the gun attack at an Army barracks in Antrim in which two soldiers were killed. They have also been involved in many other incidents causing several deaths. Another difference between them is that the Nationalists and Unionists have political groups. The major Unionist political groups are the Democratic Unionist Party and the Ulster Unionist party, otherwise known as the DUP and UUP. The major Nationalist political groups are the Social and Democratic Labour Party (SDLP) and Sinn Fein. Although both the Unionists and Nationalists have hard-line and moderate views, there are some major differences between them. Firstly, the Nationalist SDLP wants reform in Northern Ireland and believes the Republic should have influence on how Northern Ireland is run; the SDLP has a moderate stance and does not encourage violence in any way, they try to achieve their views in a non violent manner. In contrast to this the UUP believes that political reform is needed, and that the Irish Republic must not be involved in this process; their aim is to defend Northern Irelands union with the United Kingdom. The UUP is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, and most Protestants support it. Secondly, the more hard-line Nationalist political party, Sinn Fein, has much harsher political views. They seek the unification of the 26 counties of the Republic of Ireland and the six counties of Northern Ireland in a democratic-socialist Irish Republic. Sinn Fein believes that the only way to solve Irelands problems is to cut all connections with Britain. Sinn Fein represents Roman Catholics who want to achieve a united Ireland through whatever means are necessary, including violence. The hard-line Unionist political group the DUP is the second largest Unionist party in Northern Ireland, and is co-founded and led by Reverend Ian Paisley. The DUP is supported by most Working Class Protestants in Northern Ireland. The DUP believe that they have to defeat the IRA, which they think will need a huge security force. This group is less aggressive than Sinn Fein, as it does not actively support using violence to accomplish its means; however, it does support paramilitary groups defending against Nationalist paramilitary groups. Both Nationalists and unionists have paramilitary groups; however there are differences between the two. The IRA (Irish Republican Army), up until its recent disarming, used severe violence to achieve its aims. The IRAs aims are the same as Sinn Feins, which is basically the IRAs political wing which was denied by Sinn Fein. The UFFs (Ulster Freedom Fighters) founding aims were to protect Unionists against the IRA; however now the UFF seems more like a revenge group, killing Catholics in return for actions performed by the IRA. The UFF is based on the same principles as the DUP and is used as security. The UDA and UDF (Ulster Defense Association and Ulster Defense Fighters) are similar and have the same views. The most prominent difference between the IRA and UFF, UDA, and UDF is that the IRA indiscriminately terrorized the United Kingdom and Ireland itself with bombs and violence, killing protestants, atheists, Catholics, etc, alike in the United Kingdom and Ireland. An example of this was when the IRA bombed the shopping centre in Manchester, killing many people. In contrast to this, the UFF, UDA, and UDF just respond to Republican violence by killing ordinary Catholics, living in Northern Ireland, for revenge. The point I am trying to emphasize is that the IRA kills indiscriminately to achieve its aims, while the Loyalist paramilitary groups usually kill for revenge, and not indiscriminately. Nationalists and Unionists have different community and social organisations. The Loyal Orange Order, a protestant organisation, organizes marches as a show of solidarity. The Ancient Order of Hibernians, is a similar Catholic organisation, however it has caused less problems, and is not as known. The Orange Order has been known to organize marches down predominately Catholic roads, and areas; this has caused chaos and violence in the past. An example of this was when the Orangemen had violent clashes with Catholics at Drum Cree. There are some fundamental differences between the Nationalist and Unionist. These differences have led to decades of disputes and killings as the people of Ireland have been in conflict over how they should be governed and who by. The opinions of the republic paramilitaries are that they have the right to use armed force against the British forces and the unionist terrorism groups believe that too. Overall which ever community you live in you will have different views on different events. Examples of two events which have many views on are the Partition and Bloody Sunday.

How to Write a Graduation Speech as Valedictorian

How to Write a Graduation Speech as Valedictorian The valedictory speech usually is delivered at the graduation ceremony by the valedictorian, the student with the highest grades in the graduating class, although some colleges and high schools have abandoned the practice of naming a valedictorian. The terms valedictory and valedictorian come from the Latin valedicere, meaning a formal farewell. Understand the Goal The valedictory should fulfill two goals: It should convey a sending off message  to the members of a graduating class and inspire them to leave the comfort and security of their school ready to embark on an exciting new adventure. You have been chosen to deliver this speech because you proved you are an excellent student who can live up to adult responsibilities. Now its time to make every student in your class feel special. As you prepare your speech, think about your shared experiences with the class and the people with whom you shared them, including popular and quiet students, class clowns and brains, teachers, principals, professors, deans, and other school employees. Its important to make everyone feel as if they played an important role in this shared experience. If you have limited experience in certain aspects of school life, ask for help in collecting important names and events you might not know about. Are there clubs or teams that won prizes? Students who volunteered in the community? Compile a List of Highlights Make a list of highlights since freshman year, focusing on the current year. Here are examples of events you could describe: Who received awards or scholarships?Were any sports records broken?Is a teacher retiring after this year?Did your class have a reputation with teachers, good or bad?How many students remain from freshman year?Was there a dramatic event in the world this year?Was there a dramatic event in your school?Was there a funny moment? You might need to conduct personal interviews to learn about these benchmarks. Write the Speech Valedictory speeches often combine humorous and serious elements. Start by greeting your audience with a hook that grabs their attention. For example, you could say the senior year has been full of surprises, or were leaving the faculty with lots of interesting memories, or this senior class has set records in some unusual ways. Organize your speech into topics describing these elements. You might want to start with an event thats on everyones mind, such as a championship basketball season, a student featured on a television show, or a tragic event in the community. Then focus on the other highlights, putting them into context and explaining their importance. For example: This year, Jane Smith won a National Merit Scholarship. This may not seem like a big deal, but Jane overcame a year of illness to achieve this goal. Her strength and perseverance are an inspiration to our whole class. Use Anecdotes and Quotes Come up with anecdotes to illustrate your shared experiences. These brief stories can be funny or poignant. You could say, When the student newspaper printed a story about the family who lost their home to a fire, our classmates rallied and organized a series of fundraisers. Sprinkle in quotes from famous people. Quotes work best in the introduction or conclusion and should reflect the theme of your speech. For example: The pain of parting is nothing to the joy of meeting again.- Charles DickensYou will find the key to success under the alarm clock.- Benjamin FranklinThere is only one success: to be able to spend your life in your own way.- Christopher Morley Plan for Time Be mindful of the appropriate length of your speech. Most people speak about 175 words per minute, so a 10-minute speech should contain about 1750 words. You can fit about 250 words onto a double-spaced page. That translates to seven pages of double-spaced text for 10 minutes of speaking time. Tips for Preparing to Speak Its important to practice your speech before giving it. This will help you troubleshoot problem spots, cut boring parts, and add elements if youre running short. You should: Practice reading your speech aloud to see how it sounds.Time yourself, but remember you may speak faster when youre nervous.Focus on remaining calm.Get plenty of sleep the night before your speech.Eat well before your speech.Don’t try to be funny if it feels unnatural.If youre going to talk about a tragic event your class experienced (it might be awkward not to address it), make sure you do so tactfully. Consult a teacher or adviser if you have any doubts or discomforts. If possible, practice your speech using the microphone in the location where youll be graduating. Your best chance might be just before the event. This will give you an opportunity to experience the sound of your magnified voice, figure out how to stand, and get past any butterflies in your stomach.

Economic arguments for further enlargement of the EU Essay

Economic arguments for further enlargement of the EU - Essay Example The paper tells that the enlargement of the EU is one of the most debated topics presented to relevant councils. When the European Union was first formed in 1952 there were only six member countries. Today, there are 27 member countries in the European Union, and this number is scheduled to be increased in 2013. The European Union has been inducting newer countries into its council on an irregular basis since 1952, after subjecting applicant countries through a long process requiring pre-accession treaties, assessment conditions and a set of criteria – the Copenhagen criteria – that must be met before membership is granted. The process can take a number of years and after the induction of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007, Croatia is set to become a member of the EU in June 2013. Other countries like Turkey, Iceland, and the Western Balkans are in accession negotiations to follow suit. Membership generally offers great benefits to member countries, particularly those struggl ing to make the move from being developing nations to being developed ones. The European Union provides an economic and political support that smaller countries, or at least countries with smaller economies, can use to enhance their global standing, both within and outside Europe. But what is the impact that this expansion has, whether on the currently existing members of the European Union, the European Union as a whole, or even, in fact, Europe in general? Surely there must be certain economic and political impact such a membership must have, and economic advantage is generally gained at the expense of another party’s disadvantage. While that may be true, and in fact is to a certain point, it is not quite as limited as that. The results of many surveys, reports, and inquests have shown that the general perception among Europe’s public seems to be that membership offers great benefits to newer members while offering little to no benefit to older members. This percepti on might not be in the majority – with statistics varying from country to country – there is no doubt that it is a sizable portion of the public, any country or sample considered. Evidence supporting this matter is given further in the report, built generally upon information provided by the British Parliament in 2006. As negative as general perception might be, however, expansion has always shown to result in positive economic and political impact. This is true of any series of expansion, but this report will particularly center its focus on countries inducted in 2004, as they have had sufficient time to determine the effect of membership on their economy, as well as the impact of their membership on the European Union members in general. In fact, not only are the arguments brought forth against expansion generally baseless, with little evidence to support their claim, inverse evidence shows that economic arguments supporting the expansion of the European Union are la rgely misunderstood, or otherwise overlooked.

JULIO CORTAZAR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

JULIO CORTAZAR - Essay Example The picture that evokes several meanings in Roberto’s mind becomes an obsession. Roberto becomes confused, he said, â€Å"Nobody really knows who is telling it, if I am I or what actually occurred or what Im seeing... or if, simply Im telling a truth which is only my truth† (Liukkonen). Cortazar’s ‘Las Babas Del Diablo’ discovers the uncertain difference between realism and its representation, illustrating to his readers that the two are merely the mind’s perception of the experience (Coupe). The 1966 movie ‘Blow Up’ by Michelangelo Antonioni, stirred worldwide curiosity when shocking sex scenes and smoking-pot vistas were featured (Waldman). The successful movie creatively questions reality and imagination. Thomas (David Hemmings) blows up the photo of the lady (Vanessa Redgrave) and the middle-aged lover in the park and finally discovers or perceives that the lover was actually lying dead on the ground and not so far away was a man in the shadows, holding a gun. Thomas believes that he actually witnessed a murder. He is able to expose pieces of reality, however, he resists searching for the truth (Waldman). Antonioni made it clear in this film that reality is non-existent if perceived objectively. Viewers have to find out for themselves the strength of their personal understanding of the film. The movie ends with scenes wherein Thomas chooses to be with the team illusionists instead of lingering in his secluded reality (Jardine). The extensive gap between the movie and the short story ranges from the theme, the setting, the protagonist’s profession, to the message (Huddleston). Cortazar’s story which happens in Paris, tags on phantasm and passion, whereas Antonioni’s film which takes place in London, speaks of the superficial faà §ade versus realism and build around it a puzzling story of murder which is left unsolved and open to the

The Character Henry in John Berrymans The Dream Songs :: Dream Songs

The Character Henry in John Berryman's The Dream Songs The question that continuously puzzled me as I read through the poems was, "Who is Henry?". He is the main character in John Berryman's The Dream Songs, yet he is very mysterious. He is likely to show up in almost every poem in the book. Analyzing this character is confusing because he is mentioned so many times and in so many different contexts that it is hard to decipher exactly who he is, however it is possible that even the author is not exactly sure who he is. Berryman introduces Henry into the poems in a subjective manner as just a character in his poems. I think Berryman wanted to write about himself, but it would have felt too personal and revealing for him to openly talk about himself. He, therefore, starts out naming this man Henry and mentions him randomly. He says in poem 4, "There ought to be a law against Henry" (Berryman 6), which to the reader does not make a whole lot of sense and veers away from any emphasis on the author. The correlation between Henry and the author is not very apparent until later. In poem number 13 Berryman describes Henry. Berryman goes into detail as he explains, "So may be Henry was a human being...He is a human American man. That's true...God's Henry's enemy" (Berryman 15). It is uncanny how closely these lines resemble Berryman's own life. Berryman was obviously a human being, but he was also an American man, who lived a life that most would call grievous. He was so unhappy with life at one point that he tried to commit suicide, unfortunately something his father succeeded at when Berryman was younger. His complicated life could explain why he may feel that God is his enemy. This is where Berryman sort of lets go and starts sharing his own feelings and experiences, but still uses the name Henry to protect himself from the judgment of others. The Character Henry in John Berryman's The Dream Songs :: Dream Songs The Character Henry in John Berryman's The Dream Songs The question that continuously puzzled me as I read through the poems was, "Who is Henry?". He is the main character in John Berryman's The Dream Songs, yet he is very mysterious. He is likely to show up in almost every poem in the book. Analyzing this character is confusing because he is mentioned so many times and in so many different contexts that it is hard to decipher exactly who he is, however it is possible that even the author is not exactly sure who he is. Berryman introduces Henry into the poems in a subjective manner as just a character in his poems. I think Berryman wanted to write about himself, but it would have felt too personal and revealing for him to openly talk about himself. He, therefore, starts out naming this man Henry and mentions him randomly. He says in poem 4, "There ought to be a law against Henry" (Berryman 6), which to the reader does not make a whole lot of sense and veers away from any emphasis on the author. The correlation between Henry and the author is not very apparent until later. In poem number 13 Berryman describes Henry. Berryman goes into detail as he explains, "So may be Henry was a human being...He is a human American man. That's true...God's Henry's enemy" (Berryman 15). It is uncanny how closely these lines resemble Berryman's own life. Berryman was obviously a human being, but he was also an American man, who lived a life that most would call grievous. He was so unhappy with life at one point that he tried to commit suicide, unfortunately something his father succeeded at when Berryman was younger. His complicated life could explain why he may feel that God is his enemy. This is where Berryman sort of lets go and starts sharing his own feelings and experiences, but still uses the name Henry to protect himself from the judgment of others.

Incoterms Use for Shipping Terms

INCOTERMS USE FOR SHIPPING TERMS Incoterms rules are international trade terms promulgated by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC). Though used primarily in international trade, they are seeing increasing use in domestic trade. When used, they should specify the specific shipping term, the location, Incoterms, and the edition. An example is â€Å"DAT Pier 82 Port of Philadelphia Incoterms ® 2010. † Incoterms rules specify the point at which risk of loss occurs, but not, strictly speaking, where title changes.In addition, they specify which party is responsible for freight (or carriage) charges, but not payment terms for the goods themselves. The ICC prefers that â€Å"Incoterms† be used as an adjective, not a noun, in prose. The word itself is trademarked and the rules are copyrighted, so at least the last edition, Incoterms ® 2010, should include the trademark. The U. S. national council of the ICC is the U. S. Council for International Business (USCIB). The leading U. S. authority is Frank Reynolds, who served on the eight-member committee of the ICC which drafted the Incoterms ® 2010 rules.New rules have been published every ten years, and the second latest, Incoterms 2000, is still in widespread use. The rules are brought more up-to-date in their application, and sometimes, old terms are deleted and new terms are added. There has been a tendency to incorporate container shipment provisions, and to place responsibility for export specifics more on the seller and import specifics more on the buyer. The edition of the rules should always be specified, such as â€Å"FOB Terminal 86 Port of Seattle Incoterms 2000. The named place (â€Å"delivery† under Incoterms rules) is where risk of loss changes, and usually, but not always, where responsibility for carriage charges changes. Incoterms rules are not law and are incorporated into the sales contract by explicit reference to them. The sales contract includes additional specifics of the contract, and may modify the Incoterm chosen. However, the International Chamber of Commerce cautions that Sometimes the parties want to alter an Incoterms rule. The Incoterms ® 2010 rules do not prohibit such alteration, but there are dangers in so doing.In order to avoid any unwelcome surprises, the parties would need to make the intended effect of such alterations extremely clear in their contract. Thus, for example, if the allocation of costs in the Incoterms 2010 ® rules is altered in the contract, the parties should also state whether they intend to vary the point at which the risk passes from seller to buyer. Domestic trade is likely to see increasing use of the ICC’s international commercial terms. The 2000 edition of Incoterms first provided for this, and the subtitle of Incoterms 2010 ® is actually ICC rules for the use of domestic and international trade terms. As a result, the Incoterms ® 2010 clearly state in a number of places that the obligation to comply with export/import formalities only exists where applicable. † Domestic trade terms from the UCC, even those which use the same letters, are not precisely the same as the international trade terms. FOB, or free on board, is more restricted and precisely defined internationally, and is only used for water transportation, whereas it may be used for any form of transportation domestically. The UCC provisions are rather short and dated compared with the more up-to-date, detailed rules found in Incoterms ® 2010.A total of eleven Incoterms rules are available, down from thirteen in Incoterms 2000. These three-letter terms give responsibilities for, in addition to delivery and shipment charges, documents provision, information availability, and security coordination. EXW—Ex-works. Here the seller merely makes the goods available at its premises and the buyer, or more likely the buyer’s freight carrier, picks them up. The seller does not clear the goods for export. However, the exporter’s government sometimes requires the manufacturer to file particular documents (in the U. S. he manufacturer is the â€Å"Principal Party in Interest† even if another party exports the goods out of the country), so despite the limited obligations of the exporter under this term, many authorities conclude that other shipment terms, such as FCA, are usually more appropriate in international trade. In addition, from the point of view of the buyer, the seller is usually in a better position to handle the export legalities. FCA—Free Carrier. The seller’s responsibility is to get the goods to the carrier nominated by the buyer. The location specified, however, may be the seller’s place of business.Under EXW the seller is not obligated to load the goods, but if under FCA the seller’s place of business is specified as the location of delivery, it is. If the terms are FCA somewhere else, then the seller does not have to l oad the goods on the carrier’s vehicle but simply gets them to the carrier’s location. Once the seller gets the goods to the carrier, risk of loss and responsibility for shipping charges rests with the buyer. This term is seeing increasing use, and is well-suited for intermodal and containerized transport. CPT—Carriage Paid to.CPT is quite similar to the more common CFR. Like CFR, the seller chooses the carrier and pays for shipment, but the risk of loss passes to the buyer after the goods have been delivered by the seller to the carrier. CIP—Carriage and Insurance Paid to. Under CPT and CIP the seller chooses and pays the carrier. Under FCA the buyer chooses the shipping company and pays it. Under all three the risk of loss passes when the seller delivers the goods to the carrier. All three are used for intermodal and containerized transport. DAT—Delivered at Terminal. Incoterms rules give a named place.Here the terms might be â€Å"DAT Pier 82 P ort of Philadelphia Incoterms ® 2010† which mean that the seller gets the goods to Pier 82 and unloads them from the ship, and bears risk of loss until they are in the terminal. DAP—Delivered at Place. Here the terms might be â€Å"DAP Area 14 Clover Shippers Cleveland Incoterms ® 2010† which mean that the seller gets the goods to Area 14, bearing risk of loss and freight charges to that point, but unlike DAT the buyer is responsible for unloading the goods. DDP—Delivered Duty Paid. The seller does virtually everything, getting the goods to the buyer’s place of business.EXW is the only term in which the buyer clears for export, and DDP is the only term in which the seller provides for import formalities. FAS—Free Alongside. Here the seller’s responsibility is to get the goods on the dock alongside the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Under Incoterms rules, FAS, FOB, CFR, and CIF are only for water transport. ————————————————- Domestic term FAS, Free Alongside, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods alongside the ship for shipment.FOB—Free on Board. The seller’s responsibility is to get the goods on board the ship. From that point expenses and risk of loss are for the buyer. Used especially for shipments of bulk items like grains, but not well-suited for containerized and intermodal freight, in which the seller typically gets the goods to a container staging area well away from the ship. (Under all previous Incoterms editions, water-based-transportation delivery occurred when the goods â€Å"passed the ship’s rail;† now delivery occurs when the goods are â€Å"on board† the ship. FOBS or FOBST are sometimes used, although they are not listed in Incoter ms publications. FOBS means FOB Stowed, in which the seller is responsible for getting the goods down in the hold of the ship. FOB Stowed and Trimmed means that the seller is also responsible for balancing the cargo load so that the ship lies in the water correctly. FOBST L/S/D means the seller gets the goods on board the ship, stows them in the hold, trims the vessel, and provides lashing, securing, and dunnaging for the goods, which means they are secured safely for transport and properly aerated. ———————————————— Domestic term FOB, Free on Board, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). Although FOB is probably the most widely-used Incoterms rule, it is even more widely-used domestically, with well over half of domestic transport shipped under this three-letter code. Unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not j ust water-related. Incoterms rules provide for much more detail than UCC provisions.Incoterms rules specify the buyer as the party which nominates the carrier, and the buyer typically gives the specific time, dock, and ship to which the goods are to be delivered as well, but under domestic transport the seller will often be the party which chooses the transportation company. ————————————————- Internationally, FOB is referenced from a port of shipping, but domestically it may be specified from almost any location within the United States.FOB Origin (or Shipping Point) means that risk of loss passes to the buyer as the seller ships the goods from its premises. FOB Destination means that risk of loss passes to the buyer only as the buyer receives the goods at its receiving dock. The parties may also specify a location for FOB responsibilities. A shipment of oranges from Flori da to Minnesota could use terms FOB Miami, or FOB Minneapolis–or even FOB Atlanta, in which case risk of loss and responsibility for payment of freight charges would transfer from the seller to the buyer in Atlanta. ————————————————-Through usage a number of common modifiers have been appended to the basic domestic shipping terms: ————————————————- FOB Origin, Freight Collect is usually how FOB Origin is stated. This means explicitly that risk of loss passes to the buyer as the seller ships the goods, and that the buyer pays freight charges to the carrier. FOB Origin, Freight Collect is by far the most common domestic shipping term. If only FOB is specified, or FOB Origin is specified, the shipment is assumed to be under FOB Origin, Freight Collect terms. ———————————————— FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller, and not the buyer, who pays freight charges to the carrier. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Allowed; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. ————————————————- FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Added passes the risk of loss to the buyer as the seller ships the goods but provides that it is the seller who pays freight charges to the carrier.However, the seller then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyer’s bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Add; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged; (3) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. ————————————————- FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and also pays the carrier. Universities usually prefer this term. Also stated as FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Allowed. â€Å"FOB Destination† alone is assumed to be FOB Destination, freight prepaid. ———————————————— FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Added means that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment and pays the carrier, but then adds the freight charge, typically as a separate line in the invoice, to the buyer’s bill. Also stated as (1) FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid and Add; (2) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged; (3) FOB Origin, Freight Prepaid and Charged Back. ———————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- FOB Destination, Freight Collect states that the seller bears risk of loss in shipment, but that the buyer pays the carrier. ———————————————— FOB Destination, Freight Collect and Allowed provides that the seller bears risk of loss, the buyer pays the carrier, and that the buyer deducts the freight charge as a separate line on the seller’s invoice. CFR—Cost and Freight. The seller’s quoted price includes freight. However, risk of loss passes to the buyer when the goods are on board the ship. Many buyers initially like to use CFR or CIF as the seller handles more of the arrangements–choosing the shipping firm and paying for the freight.However, more experienced buyers sometimes like to use FOB instead, as this gives them more control after the items reach the port of shipment . Although not listed in Incoterms publications, CFR FO and CFR LO are sometimes used as shipment terms. FO means free out, in which the price (to the buyer) does not include unloading (or discharging) at the port of destination. LO means liner out, in which the price does include discharge at the port of destination. CFR LO may also be given as CFR liner terms, CFR berth terms, or CFR landed.Under plain CFR terms, the seller is under no strict obligation to pay for the discharge of the goods, but it is recognized that often he or she will as they may be included in the common shipment contract. If not, the buyer must use his or her own movers (stevedores) to get the goods off the ship. Incoterms rules specify obligations between buyer and seller. In contracts a party makes with a shipping company, â€Å"free† means it is free for the shipping company—FI or free in, the ship’s owner does not load the goods, but whoever charters the vessel does. FO or ree out mea ns that the ship’s crew does not unload the goods, but rather that the charterer provides for discharging Liner in means that the ship owner loads the goods, and liner out means that the ship owner discharges the goods. ————————————————- Domestic term Cost and Freight, or CF, or CNF, or C&F, appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC). As in the international version, it requires the seller to place the goods on the vehicle for shipment. However, unlike the international version, the domestic version may be used for any type of transport, not just water-related.In both international and U. S. versions, the seller pays the freight, but risk of loss is the buyer’s in shipment. Although not as frequently used as FOB, the terms CF (CFR Incoterms) and CIF are quite common, both domestically and internationally. CIF—Cost, Insurance, and Freight. Same as CFR except that insurance is included. ————————————————- CIF appears in both Incoterms rules and the UCC. Under Incoterms EXW, FCA, FAS, and FOB the buyer selects the carrier. Under CFR, CIF, CPT, CIF, DAT, DAP, and DDP the seller selects the carrier.FAS, FOB, CFR, and CIF are for water transportation only, but the others are for any mode of transport. Incoterms 2000 had 13 terms. EXW FCA FAS FOB CFR CIF CIP CPT DAF or delivered at frontier. DES or delivered ex-ship. The seller got the goods to the buyer’s port but the buyer was responsible for unloading. This term was often used for coal and other large commoditized shipments. ————————————————- Domestic term Ex-ship appears in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) and provides, unlike the international version, that the seller unloads the goods onto the dock.DEQ or delivered ex-quay. The seller got the goods to the buyer’s port and got them unloaded on the dock or quay. DDU or delivered duty unpaid. DDP TITLE AND ACCOUNTING Unlike international trade terms under Incoterms rules, domestic use of FOB may be for any transportation mode. The most common domestic shipping term is FOB Origin, Freight Collect, which means that title and risk of loss pass to the buyer at the seller’s place of business, and the shipping company collects the charge from the buyer. Equivalently, FOB Shipping Point, Freight Collect is the same thing.FOB Destination, Freight Prepaid means that title and risk of loss pass from the seller to the buyer at the buyer’s place of business, and the seller prepays the shipping charge to the shipping company. Accountants report a merchandiser’s and a manufacturer’s revenues when a sale is made. The term, FOB Shipping Point, indicates that the s ale occurred at the shipping point—at the seller’s shipping dock. FOB Destination indicates that the sale will occur when it arrives at the destination—at the buyer’s receiving dock.Accountants also assume that the cost of transporting the goods corresponds to these terms. If the sale occurred at the shipping point (seller’s shipping dock), then the buyer should take responsibility for the cost of transporting the goods. (The buyer will record this cost as Freight-In or Transportation-In. ) If the sale doesn’t occur until the goods reach the destination (terms are FOB Destination), then the seller should be responsible for transporting the goods until they reach the buyer’s unloading dock. (The seller will record the transportation cost asFreight-Out, Transportation-Out, or Delivery Expense. ) (From http://blog. accountingcoach. com/fob-shipping-point-fob-destination/) CONTAINERIZATION—WIKIPEDIA Containerization (British:contai nerisation) is a system of freight transport based on a range of steel intermodal containers. Containers are built to standardized dimensions, and can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened.The system was developed after World War II, led to greatly reduced transport costs, and supported a vast increase in international trade. Container capacity is often expressed in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU, or sometimes teu). An equivalent unit is a measure of containerized cargo capacity equal to one standard 20 ft (length) ? 8 ft (width) container. A 20-foot-long (6. 1 m) ISO container equals 1 TEU.

Entrepreneurs Of Small Enterprises In The UK - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1913 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Liquidity problem is an important strategic issue to run business enterprises. Small enterprises are realising the importance of such problems to reduce losses arises from this. Liquidity problems arise from shortage of working capital that require to maintain daily operations of the enterprise. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Entrepreneurs Of Small Enterprises In The UK" essay for you Create order If this problem persists for long-time, entrepreneurs are bound to stop their business. But it is difficult for small enterprises to get right support at the right time from banks and insurance companies due to certain terms and conditions imposed by them. So a study in this field will be helpful for both entrepreneurs and financial institutions to know current scenario of enterprise level management of liquidity problems and the role of financial institutions to solve this problem. Intelligent forecasting of the future trend in market conditions is a preventive measure to solve liquidity problem whereas, bank support through different financial products is a curative measure in management of liquidity problem. This study has been initiated to identify and analyse entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s view towards liquidity problems of small enterprises and role of bank to solve this problem. Categorically the major objectives of the present study are: To identify various reasons of liquidity problems of small enterprises; To uncover the views of entrepreneurs regarding the research topic in light of their age, education, invested amount of capital, enterprise life, location and nature of business; To assess the risks identified by the entrepreneurs arises from liquidity problems of their enterprises; To identify and analyze the role of bank in terms of available financial products to manage liquidity problems; To suggest probable solutions to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises. Hypothesis: H 1: There is no impact of small enterprises length of life on the size of liquidity problems. H 2: Amount of investment has no influence on liquidity problems. H 3: Nature of business has no impact on liquidity problems. H 4: Banks facilities are enough to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises. 7. Sources: Broad Subject Area: Business Finance Books and Journals: Alsbury, A. (2001), Quick Answers to Small Business Questions, Series Editor Jay, Prentice Hall, London. Allen, F. and Gale, D. (2007) Understanding Financial Crisis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bygrave, W. D. (1994), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The entrepreneurship paradigm 1: a philosophical look at ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s research methodologiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Entrepreneurship theory and practice, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp 1- 26. Bhaduri, R., G. Meissner and J. Youn (2007). Hedging Liquidity Risk. Journal of Alternative Investments, Winter 2007. Cecchetti, S. (2008), Monetary Policy and the Financial Crisis of 2007 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 2008. Available at: https://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-j/sems2008/Cecchetti.pdf [Accessed: 11 November 2008]. Cohen, W. (2005), The entrepreneur and small business problem solver, 3rd edition, Published by John Wiley and Sons. Dawson, J., Findlay, A. and Sparks, L. (2006) The Retailing Reader. London: Routledge. John L. Knight, Stephen Satchell (2003). Forecasting Volatility in the Financial Markets. Butterworth-Heinemann. Dorfman, Mark S. (2007). Introduction to Risk Management and Insurance (9th Edition). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. Douglas Hubbard (2009) The Failure of Risk Management: Why Its Broken and How to Fix It John Wiley Sons. Hisrich D. R. Peters P. M., (2002) Entrepreneurship, 5th edition, Pub., Tata McGraw-Hill. Hawkins, M. (2008) How to Benefit From Consumer Behaviour During a Financial Crisis. EzineArticles. Available at: https://ezinearticles.com/How-to-Benefit-From. Hannon, P.D. and Atherton, A. (1998), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Small firm success and the art of orienteering: the value of plans, planning and strategic awareness in the competitive small firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 102-19. Islam N. Mamun Z. M., (2002) Entrepreneurship Development, An Operational Approach, Pub., The University Press Limited,. Leaf, W. and Sykes, E. (2009), Banking, 3rd edition, T butterworth Ltd. McConnell I. (2009), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Economic output posts biggest quarterly decline since 1980, The Herald (Glasgow), January 24th Issue, Final Edition, p. 26. Simpson, M et al. (2006), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“marketing in small and medium size enterprisesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, International Journal of entrepreneurial behaviour and research, Vol. 12, Issue-6, pp 361-387. Available at:www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed: 15 November 2009] Stoltz A, Viljoen M (2007) Financial Management: Fresh Perspectives, Published by Pearson South Africa. Websites: Small business banking, (2009) available at https://www.bytestart.co.uk/content/banking/banking-guides/business-banking-the-basics.shtml, [Accessed: 15 th November 2009] Office for National Statistics (2008), Unemployment rates rises to 5,7%.. Available at: www.statistics.gov.uk [Accessed 14th November 2009]. Number of enterprises, employment and turnover by number of employees and industry division, UK, start 2004, Available at www.statistics.gov.uk [Accessed: 14th November 2009] HSBC and Barclays news, , 10th November 2009, Available at: www.news.bbc.co.uk, [Accessed 12th November 2009] SME Academy London [online] Available at: https://www.smeacademy.co.uk/, [Accessed 13 November 2009] Banks Websites: www.barclays.co.uk www.hsbc.co.uk www.natwest.com www.lloydstsbbusiness.com 8. Literature Review: The economic recession that hit the UK in the second half of 2008 caused the retail industry to experience certain difficulties (McConnell, 2009; Kollewe, 2009). The credit crunch and growing unemployment reduced consumer income and spending levels and causes uncertain flow of cash for business enterprises. In such conditions, small enterprises are experiencing irregular cash flows, look at the cost cutting strategy, excessive burden of debt, reduction of buyers and uncertain profit margins or losses. As a result shortage of short term capital creates liquidity problems to small enterprises. In business, liquidity refers to the financial ability of an enterprise to meet ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s short term obligations to bear day to day expenditures. The liquidity of retail sector specially small enterprises are greatly affected by macroeconomic factors. These factors are divided into two: direct and indirect factors. The direct factors can be recognised as the decreasing disposable income, job insecurity and credit financing hurdles (Office for National Statistics, 2008). The indirect factors are challenges of credit financing and investment capability which commercial organisations face and which make these organisations unable to continue with producing high quality products and customer service (The Economist, 2008). Other macroeconomic factors that are related with small enterprises financial crisis are house price, house rent, and employment rate, and inflation rate, availability of bank loan, interest rates and changes of consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behaviour. Storey [1994] notes that small firms, however they are defined, constitute the bulk of enterprises in all economies in the world. In the latter half of the last century the increasing important roles of small firms and entrepreneurship cannot be in any way understated [Bygrave 1994; Timmons 1994;]. Small firms are now a complex subject matter of research because of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s huge number of limitations. These features of small enterprises are supported by Robinson and Pearce [1984] who focused on the issue of resource limitations of small firms. These limitations are best summarised by Carson and Cromie [1989] who suggest that small firm is actually characterised by three types of limitations, those of: their impact on markets; finance; physical resources; It is obvious that among these three limitations, finance is one of the most important one what is equally important for promoting products and services of small enterprises in the markets and acquiring physical resources. But undoubtedly these three limitations are in a cycle and interdependent. Liquidity problem is not only the result of shortage of fund, this problem is the consequences of other two limitations too. Definition of small enterprises of European Commission Enterprise and Industry [europa.eu] refers to maximum number of employees are 49 and maximum annual turnover is 7million Euro for small enterprises. As per EU definition, there are 4,267,555 small enterprises in UK where 11,441,000 employments exist [UK Bureau of Statistics: Start 2004]. It is undoubtedly important to find out immediately the problems of such a large sector and solutions of the problems. As noted by Hill and McGowan (1999), there is no agreed definition or clear understanding, in view of the large literature that exists, of who the entrepreneur is or what it is they do. Entrepreneurship is probably best understood as a process, the constituents of which are the entrepreneur, their persistent search of opportunities, usually grounded in the market place, and efforts to marshal the resources needed to exploit these opportunities; hence the concept of the entrepreneurial SME (Hill and Wright, 2001). How entrepreneurship is vital and important for small enterprises? Hill and McGowan (1999) answer this question by adding that, without entrepreneurial commitment, determination, vision, energy, tolerance of risk, and ambition, the entrepreneurial process in small and medium enterprises would not happen. Entrepreneurs making decision in various circumstances must be sure to learn as much as possible about the situation, and approach the decision from a logical and rational p erspectivesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Ricky W. Griffin, 2002). The financial crisis, which transmitted internationally and caused disturbances in a wide range of powerful economies, many countries are seen to be on the brink of recession if not already plunged into it (Deutche Welle, 2008). Todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s financial crisis what causes liquidity problems of business enterprises could be recognised as a major challenge for the survival of millions of small enterprises. The wide scope of the crisis caused a downturn in many industries, the bankruptcy of leading organisations and overall economic recession to countries like the UK, Germany and France (Deutche Welle, 2008; Hopkins, 2008; Office for National Statistics, 2008). Many EU countries including UK experienced the shock in their banking sectors as the provision of credit financing became a great challenge. Banks were suffering from lack of liquidity, which caused both business and non-business consumers financial hardships (The Economist, 2008). Though few banks like HSBC and Barclay s [BBC, November 2009] claimed that they are now in profit with enough liquidity to lend, most of the banks are in problem. Bank has short term and long term loan facilities, mortgage facilities, interest free bank overdraft facilities for small business enterprises [Small business banking, 2009]. There is a well-known idea that such facilities for small enterprises are very limited and process is very complex. Though various researchers carried out so many research to find out various factors that have direct and indirect impact on operations of small enterprises, relationship between entrepreneurship and small enterprises, buyers behaviour, marketing strategies, family and non-family business trends in this sector, there is still gap in research regarding liquidity problems and role of bank to solve this problem in terms of entrepreneurs perspective. Specially at the time of current economic down town there is a necessity of new research in the mentioned field. 9. Intended Methods of Data Collection: Assumptions of the study: Small enterprise: This study considers EU [maximum employee: 49] definition to select small enterprises. Scope and limitations of the Study: The study will focus on randomly selected 40 small enterprises of different sectors like hospitality, grocery, fashion and stationary from UK (London Area: Zone 1-4). Since the study will cover only the mentioned area, it will not reflect the exact UK scenario as a whole about the research. Data Collection Procedures: The proposed study is an empirical one. Both primary and secondary data will be used during the study. For collection of primary data self completed questionnaire will be used to collect information from entrepreneurs and executives of business enterprises. Observations and interview will be conducted in several cases to confirm more authentic information from the entrepreneurs. Secondary data will be collected from available literatures in form of books, journal, magazines, published materials, research articles, and online materials. To identify available financial products of banks to solve liquidity problems of small enterprises, banks websites will be used as a source of data and information. The researcher will also call the respondent to ensure timely feedback about questionnaire. In case of necessity, personal contacts will be used to support the research process. Methods of Data Analysis: Some parametric and non-parametric tools and techniques of statistics (like average, percentage, test of hypothesis, sampling distribution, etc); will be used to analyze data and information related with the study.